[MSN] Bone box on trial. James ossuary is at the centre of a Jerusalem court battle where the seamy side of the trade in ancient.

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Bone box on trial
James ossuary is at the centre of a Jerusalem court battle where the seamy
side of the trade in ancient 

artifacts is exposed
Jul. 1, 2006. 01:00 AM
STUART LAIDLAW
FAITH AND ETHICS REPORTER


In the city where Jesus preached and was killed 2,000 years ago, a
controversy is building that could shake the foundations of the religion
founded in his name.

The James ossuary, the purported burial box of Jesus' brother declared a
fake by Israeli authorities three years ago, is at the centre of a Jerusalem
court battle over alleged forging of antiquities.

The ossuary, with the inscription "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus,"
made a big splash when it was unveiled to the world nearly four years ago at
Toronto's Royal Ontario Museum.

The trial, on hold for more than a month due to scheduling delays that
plague the Israeli court system, resumes Tuesday with the testimony of Avner
Ayalon of the Geological Survey of Israel whose examinations of the ossuary
helped lead to charges be laid.

With barely one-quarter of the prosecution's 124 witnesses called since the
trial began last fall, and the defence team expected to call at least as
many witnesses, the case is expect to take years to make its way through the
court system.

"Trials in Israel are really something special," deadpans defence attorney
Lior Bringer in a telephone interview from his office in Tel Aviv.

His client is Oded Golan, an antiquities collector charged with forging part
of the inscription on the ossuary and faking two other artifacts.

Experts called as witnesses have contradicted each others' testimony — with
one going so far as to say she will leave the profession if the limestone
ossuary is a fake and another saying the entire controversy may be the
result of an over-zealous cleaning.

One German expert even alleges that the Israeli Antiquities Authority
"recently contaminated" the most contentious part of the ossuary, its
inscription, in such a way that earlier tests cannot be reproduced.

Through it all, the on-again off-again trial of Golan and two of his
colleagues has exposed the seamy underbelly of trade in ancient artifacts —
a world of deception, forgery and secret deals that Golan says is becoming
even more secretive thanks to efforts to crack down on dealers.

That puts the archaeological heritage of the country at risk, he says, as
artifacts are taken out of the country with little or no documentation of
their origins rather than risk trouble with authorities.

"The less important (antiquities) are sold to tourists and the most
important are taken out of Israel," Golan says in a telephone interview from
his home in Tel Aviv, where he is under house arrest.

The exact origins of the ossuary are not known. Golan, one of the largest
collectors in Israel, says he purchased it from an Arab antiquities dealer
in the mid-1970s for a bout $200.

He was still in university at the time, studying industrial engineering. The
ossuary spent the next 15 years in his parent's apartment, including a stint
on the balcony. At one point, it may have even been used as a planter,
though no one can remember for sure.

Golan then took it to his apartment for several years, before putting it in
storage along with about 3,000 other items in his collection. Only the most
beautiful of his antiquities are kept in his apartment, he says, and the
plain box now known as the James Ossuary did not qualify.

It was not until a French scholar, André Lemaire, stumbled across it in
Golan's storage shed in 2002 that Golan began to realize how significant it
might be. Within months it was on display at the ROM, and within a year the
subject of a police investigation.

Its route from tomb to trial is mapped by rumour, hearsay and speculation.
Golan says the dealer he bought it from told him it came from Silwan, a
village south of the Old City of Jerusalem. Others suggest it came from a
tomb uncovered in the 1980s, or from one raided by thieves in June 2000.

The uncertainties of its origin, however, have only added to the intrigue
and scientific debate over its authenticity.

At the centre of the debate is a report by the Israeli Antiquities
Authority, a government body that stores and authenticates ancient objects
for scholarly research, that declared in June 2003 that the ossuary was
authentic, but that part of the inscription was forged.

Both the ossuary and the inscription, "James, son of Joseph," date to the
time of Jesus, the authority declared. But the second part of the
inscription, "brother of Jesus," was a modern forgery. A crude attempt to
apply artificial patina under high temperatures was made to hide the
forgery, the authority said.

"The patina was not created under natural conditions," report contributor
Yuval Goren says in a telephone interview from Israel, where he is an
archaeology professor at Tel Aviv University.

The report relies on what is known as an isotopic test, meant to compare the
composition of patina on the ossuary to others of a similar age. 

If the patina of two ossuaries are the same, they are about the same age. If
the patina inside an inscription matches the patina outside, the inscription
was made when the ossuary was new. Patina is a darkening that come with age.

The results, Goran says, show that the ossuary itself dates from the time of
Jesus, but that parts of the inscription do not.

"The patina on the rest of the ossuary was created in normal cave
conditions," he says, adding that the patina inside the inscriptions did not
match that on the face of the ossuary.

That means the inscription was made later, with a fake patina added,
possibly by dissolving in water patina taken from the rest of the ossuary
and then spreading the resulting paste into the inscription and baking it
on.

"I don't know about the motive and I don't know who did it," he says. "The
bottom line is that the patina in the inscription is not natural."

His conclusions have come under severe attack, however, with the criticisms
mounting since the Golan trial began last fall.

In one court exchange with Bringer, noted Israeli palaeographer Ada Yardeni
said she would resign as an expert on ancient inscriptions if the ossuary is
fake.

"Yes. I said that I would leave the profession," Yardeni said on
cross-examination, confirming a story in Biblical Archaeology Review, the
first publication to report news of the ossuary four years ago, 

Making the criticisms all the more visceral is the questioning in
archaeological circles about the use of isotopic tests themselves.

In a report that the review's editor Hershel Shanks called a "bombshell" in
the Jerusalem Post last month, Wolfgang Krumbien articulated the growing
concerns of many experts about the antiquities authority tests.

An internationally recognized expert on patina from the University of
Oldenburg in Germany, Krumbien declared that the tests done by the authority
were "irrelevant" and should never have been conducted.

Isotopic tests, he wrote in a report prepared for Golan's defence team, can
only be used when on objects stored in ideal cave conditions and at steady
temperatures.

But there is plenty of evidence that the James ossuary was not kept in such
conditions. In fact, Krumbien found, it is likely that wherever the ossuary
spent much of the past 2,000 years, there was either a flood or a cave-in of
the wall of the tomb, which damaged the ossuary. 

"The cave in which the James ossuary was placed, either collapsed centuries
earlier, or alluvial deposits penetrated the chamber together with water and
buried the ossuary, either completely or partially," he wrote.

As well, he wrote, he was able to find microscopic bits of patina within the
inscription that matched the patina on the outside of the box, indicating
that the lettering dated to the origins of the ossuary itself. 

He attributed Goren's failure to find the patina to aggressive cleanings
that removed almost all the patina from the lettering.

Goren declined to comment on the Krumbien report, saying he will do so when
called to testify before the trial. He was not sure when that might be.

Ed Keall, a retired curator at the ROM responsible for the ossuary when it
was in Toronto, says he saw the patina in the inscription by using powerful
microscopes. He also saw evidence that the ossuary — pockmarked along its
bottom edge — had been buried or immersed in water for extended periods.

"It's all eaten away, like a piece of cheese," says Keall, who remains
optimistic that both the ossuary and the inscription date to Jesus' time.

"I have yet to be given any unequivocal evidence that it's false," he says.

He is quick to add, however, that the question of the ossuary's authenticity
may never be settled, particularly since aggressive cleanings by antiquities
dealers looking to boost the value by enhancing the inscription and by the
antiquities authority have made it more difficult to find patina in the
inscription.

Once the trial is over, however, Keall would like to see an open forum
organized to discuss the ossuary and to debate the various opinions about
its authenticity.

Shanks of the Biblical Archaeology Review is already working on pulling
together such a forum, though he sees no need to wait until after the trial.


The problem, he says, is that Goren has said he won't discuss the matter
until after he has testified, and Shanks says the forum can't be held
without him — meaning the debate will just have to wait.

"It would be like staging Hamlet without Hamlet," Shanks says from his
Washington office. "It can't be done."

http://www.thestar.com/